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4 articles

Database Sharding Part 5: The Scatter-Gather Problem

Database Sharding Part 5: The Scatter-Gather Problem When you implement a sharded database architecture, you establish a primary Shard Key (as discussed in Part 3) to route your queries. If your Shard Key is userid, retr…

Apr 20, 20265 min read

Deep DiveDatabase Sharding Mastery

#query-optimization#sharding#latency

System DesignAdvanced

Beyond CAP: Why PACELC is the Real Rule for Distributed Databases

Beyond CAP: Understanding the PACELC Theorem The CAP theorem (Consistency, Availability, Partition-tolerance) is a useful abstraction, but it only describes what happens when the network is broken. In the real world, the…

Apr 20, 20262 min read

Deep DiveBackend Systems Mastery

#distributed-systems#pacelc#cap-theorem

System DesignAdvanced

System Design: Designing Multi-Region Active-Active Architectures

Multi-Region Active-Active: The Global Scale Deploying to multiple regions is the only way to survive a total regional failure and provide sub-100ms latency to a global user base. An Active-Active setup means every regio…

Apr 20, 20263 min read

Case StudyReliability Engineering Mastery

#system-design#multi-region#active-active

AI/MLAdvanced

LLM Observability in Production: Traces, Evals, Cost, Latency, and Failure Modes

LLM systems fail differently from normal backend systems. A normal service usually fails with a timeout, an exception, or a bad status code. An LLM application can return a fluent answer that is wrong, unsupported by ret…

Apr 8, 202611 min read

Deep Dive

#llm#observability#evals